Translation techniques used and its shift in Stranger Things movie
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(1) * Arbain Arbain
Universitas Widya Gama Mahakam Samarinda
Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
The use of inappropriate translation techniques can cause distortion and a shift in meaning from the source language to the target language. In addition, the limited space for writing words in subtitles is a challenge for a translator. This study reviewed the use of translation techniques for expressions of fear that were realized in the form of sentences and the shifts that occured as a result of using these techniques. The data were the subtitles of the film Stranger Things season 1. To analyze the data, the researcher used a qualitative content analysis model (Santosa, 2021). In this study, the researcher used the theory of translation techniques (Molina & Albir, 2002). All data were expressions of fear in both English (SL) and Indonesian (TL). In addition, in analyzing the data, the researcher was assisted by two translation experts in analyzing the use of techniques and shifts that occurred in the translation data. In this study, the most widely used technique was established equivalent. With this technique, the translation results sounded natural in the target language. However, the use of reduction and discursive creation techniques distorted the meaning. Specifically, discursive creation distorted meaning in the target language; meanwhile reduction techniques caused a reduction of information. Furthermore, this study found that there was a shift in the function of commanding speech into asking speech due to the use of inappropriate translation techniques.
HIGHLIGHTS:
- Nine distinct translation techniques were identified, with the "established equivalent" technique being the most prevalent.
- The study analyzed translations from English to Indonesian, highlighting shifts in meaning. Techniques like modulation caused changes, such as turning commanding speech to asking tones, emphasizing the complexities in retaining emotional nuances during translation.
- This research offers practical implications for translators. It underscores the frequent use of the reduction technique in film subtitles, driven by the constraint of limited on-screen text space. This finding is pivotal for translators working with cinematic content, guiding technique selection.
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References
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Au-Yong-Oliveira, M., Marinheiro, M., & Costa Tavares, J. A. (2020). The power of digitalization: The Netflix story. Trends and Innovations in Information Systems and Technologies: Volume 3 8, 590–599.
Azis, I. (2021). Translation Technique Analysis of Dark Jokes in the Subtitle of Joker Movie 2019. Eduvest, 1(1), 21–29.
Beeby, A., Fernández, M., Fox, O., Albir, A., Kozlova, I., Kuznik, A., Neunzig, W., Rodríguez, P., Romero, L., & Wimmer, S. (2009). Results of the validation of the PACTE translation competence model: Acceptability and decision making. Across Languages and Cultures, 10(2), 207–230. https://doi.org/10.1556/Acr.10.2009.2.3
Beeby, A., Rodríguez, M. F., Fox, O., Albir, A. H., Neunzig, W., Orozco, M., Presas, M., Inés, P. R., & Romero, L. (2003). Building a translation competence model. Benjamins Translation Library, 45, 43–68.
Bogucki, L. (2022). Subtitling quality assessment from a relevance-Theoretic perspective. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics, 18(1), 113–129. https://doi.org/10.1515/lpp-2022-0005
Budiana, A. A., Sutopo, D., & Rukmini, D. (2017). The use of translation techniques in subtitling the Dhaup Ageng documentary movie. English Education Journal, 7(1), 1–5.
Castro, D., Rigby, J. M., Cabral, D., & Nisi, V. (2021). The binge-watcher’s journey: Investigating motivations, contexts, and affective states surrounding Netflix viewing. Convergence, 27(1), 3–20.
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Emam, A. (2017). Domestication Techniques in Persian Translation of English Animations: Barnyard, Kung Fu Panda, and Hoodwinked. Language and Translation Studies (LTS), 49(4), 35–59.
Fadhilla, P. A. N., & Basari, A. (2022). Translation Techniques of Directive Speech Acts of The Characters Used in The Cruella Movie. UNCLLE (Undergraduate Conference on Language, Literature, and Culture), 2(01), 217–223.
Farisi, M. Z. Al. (2020). Theimpact of using foreignization and domestication on the translation accuracy of the Quranic metaphor (kinayah) verses. Humanities and Management Sciences - Scientific Journal of King Faisal University, 21(1), 319–332. https://doi.org/10.37575/h/rel/1966
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Fitria, T. N. (2019). Translation Technique of English into Indonesian Subtitle in’Bhaijan Bajrangi’Movie. ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies on Humanities, 2(2).
Fitria, T. N. (2020). Translation Technique of English to Indonesian Subtitle in ‘Crazy Rich Asian’Movie. ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies on Humanities, 3(1).
Ghafarian, M., Kafipour, R., & Soori, A. (2016). Domestication and foreignisation strategies in restaurant menu translation. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 24(4), 1417–1429.
Golchinnezhad, M., & Afrouz, M. (2021). Towards a less subjective model of singability analysis investigating the persian translation of dubbed songs in animated movies. Kervan, 25(1), 197–222. https://doi.org/10.13135/1825-263X/5206
Gunawan, F. (2019). The Effect of Translation Technique to Its Quality at The Holy Book of Indonesian Moslem Society. Lisan: Jurnal Bahasa Dan Linguistik, 8(2), 101–109.
Gunawan, F., Nababan, M. R., Syukri, H., & Burdah, I. (2022). Revisiting interpretive translation method: A case study of Muhammad Thalib’s Quranic translation. Jordan Journal of Modern Languages and Literatures, 14(1), 111–127.
Hadida, A. L., Lampel, J., Walls, W. D., & Joshi, A. (2021). Hollywood studio filmmaking in the age of Netflix: a tale of two institutional logics. Journal of Cultural Economics, 45, 213–238.
Hartono, E., & Yuliasri, I. (2019). Techniques of Translating Adeleâ€TM s 25 Album into Indonesian and The Naturalness Quality. Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Culture Studies, 8(1), 86–93.
Hashish, R., & Hussein, R. F. (2022). Strategies Subtitlers Use in Rendering English Slang Expressions Into Arabic. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 12(4), 752–762. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1204.16
Huber, L., & Kairys, A. (2021). Culture Specific Items in Audiovisual Translation: Issues of Synchrony and Cultural Equivalence in the Lithuanian Dub of “Shrek the Third.” Studies about Languages, 1(38), 5–16. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.1.38.24743
Hurtado Albir, A., & Taylor, P. (2015). The Acquisition of Translation Competence. Competences, Tasks, and Assessment in Translator Training. Meta, 60(2), 256–280. https://doi.org/10.7202/1032857ar
Indriyany, F. N. (2019). Ideologi penerjemahan pada kata-kata berkonsep budaya dalam novel terjemahan The Kite Runner. Deskripsi Bahasa, 2(1), 23–31.
Istiqomah, L., Erawati, M., & Suparno, S. L. (2019). Discursive creation technique of English to Indonesian subtitle in Harry Potter: The chamber of secrets movie. Lingual: Journal of Language and Culture, 7(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.24843/LJLC.2019.v07.i01.p01
Kumar, J., Gupta, A., & Dixit, S. (2020). Netflix: SVoD entertainment of next gen. Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies, 10(3), 1–36.
Latif, M. A. (2018). Translation Techniques In and Accuracy of The Indonesian Subtitles Of The Movie Philomena. ELT Forum: Journal of English Language Teaching, 7(1), 1–14.
Lesmana, C., Nugroho, M. A. B., Rahmatunisa, W., & Arbain, A. (2022). Directive Speech Act Translation Analysis in “The Lion King” Movie. Borneo Educational Journal (Borju), 4(2), 58–69.
Masykur, D. A., Nababan, M. R., & Djatmika, D. (2019). The Translation Quality on Slurs in BlacKkKlansman Movie. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation, 2(6), 319–330.
Molina, L., & Albir, H. (2002). Translation techniques revisited: A dynamic and functionalist approach. Meta: Journal Des Traducteurs/Meta: Translators’ Journal, 47(4), 498–512.
Nababan, H., Nababan, M. R., & Santosa, R. (2019). Translation techniques and their impact on the readability of translated bible stories for children. Humanus: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Humaniora, 17(2), 212–222.
Nababan, M. R. (2008). Kompetensi penerjemahan dan dampaknya pada kualitas terjemahan.
Nababan, M., Santosa, R., Budiharjo, B., & Dzakiria, H. (2016). Eliciting genre-based translation model from Indonesian into English. Advanced Science Letters, 22(12), 4444–4447. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2016.8180
Nugrahani, K. A. (2021). An Analysis of the Translation Technique in Dialogues in the Movie Enola Holmes. Dharmas Education Journal (DE_Journal), 2(2), 349–356.
Nuraisiah, S., Nababan, M. R., & Santosa, R. (2018). Translating attitudes toward sexism in Gone Girl novel (An appraisal theory approach). Lingua Cultura, 12(3), 259–266.
Ojeda, J., Yaguache, J., & Ortiz-León, C. (2022). Approach to the Audiovisual Market of the NETFLIX Streaming Platform in Ecuador. Communication and Smart Technologies: Proceedings of ICOMTA 2021, 496–504.
Pahamzah, J., & Syariifah, A. (2019). Translation techniques of subtitling: A case for Trolls movie. Journal of English Language Teaching and Cultural Studies, 2(2), 86–95.
Poyungi, Y. H., Nababan, M., & Santosa, R. (2021). Translation Techniques of Modality Metaphor in Novel Anne of Green Gables. Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan, Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya, 11(1).
Rianti, R., Nugrahani, D., & Rahmawati, S. (2021). Translation Technique and Translation Ideology Analysis of Moana’s Utterances in Moana Movie Subtitle. PROCEEDING OF ENGLISH TEACHING, LITERATURE AND LINGUISTICS (ETERNAL) CONFERENCE, 1(1), 507–527.
Romdhati, A. T., Nababan, M., & Santosa, R. (2018). Translation Techniques and Their Impacts to the Modality Orientation’s Shift in The Jungle Book Movie Subtitle. Lingua Cultura, 12(4), 375. https://doi.org/10.21512/lc.v12i4.4397
Rukmini, D., & Saputri, L. A. D. E. (2017). The authentic assessment to measure students’ English productive skills based on 2013 Curriculum. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 7(2), 263–273. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v7i2.8128
Sakulpimolrat, S. (2019). The analysis of translation techniques and translation quality of directives speech act in the little prince novel. PRASASTI: Journal of Linguistics, 4(2), 166–179.
Samir, A. (2022). An Investigation of Dark Jokes Translation Strategies in Persian Subtitled Versions of Joker Movie. Language Research, 1(2), 71–78.
Simanjuntak, M. B., Barus, I. R. G., & Resmayasari, I. (2021). Analysis of Song" Tanganku Na Metmet" by Using Translation Techniques into English. UICELL Conference Proceeding, 195–202.
Syarif, H. E., M.R. Nababan, & Santosa, R. (2020). Translation Technique of Women Anger Speech Act in Television Series 13 Reasons Why Season 1. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation, 3(10), 164–173. https://doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2020.3.10.19
Syarif, H. E., Nababan, M. R., & Santosa, R. (2020). Translation Technique of Women Anger Speech Act in Television Series 13 Reasons Why Season 1. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation, 3(10), 164–173.
Tambunan, S. D. (2021a). The illocutionary acts and the translation techniques in Sherlock Holmes movie series. Journal of Language and Literature, 8(2), 182–195.
Tambunan, S. D. (2021b). The illocutionary acts and the translation techniques in Sherlock Holmes movie series. Journal of Language and Literature, 8(2), 182–195.
Tiasadi, K., Nababan, M. R., & Wiratno, T. (2022). Translation Quality of Pragmatic Function of Swearing in Heather Graham’s Novel Based on Gender. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 9(9), 85–92.
Yuliasri, I. (2016). Translation techniques and pragmatic equivalence in Indonesian translation of humorous utterences in the Walt Disney’s Donald duck comics. PRASASTI: CONFERENCE SERIES, 409–414.
Yuliasri, I., & Allen, P. (2019). Humour loss in the Indonesian translation of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 9(1), 119–127.
Zhang, Y., & Liu, J. (2009). Subtitle translation strategies as a reflection of technical limitations: a case study of Ang Lee’s films. Asian Social Science, 5(1), 113–118
Al-Yasin, N. (2022). Translation Procedures of Cultural-Bound Expressions in the Egyptian Vernacular Dubbed Versions of Three Disney Animated Movies. Open Cultural Studies, 6(1), 294–306. https://doi.org/10.1515/culture-2022-0162
Anwar, F. Z., Haryanti, D., & Thoyibi, M. (2020). Teaching Translation through the Implementation of Expressive Utterances Translation Technique in Disney’s Aladdin Movie 2019.
Au-Yong-Oliveira, M., Marinheiro, M., & Costa Tavares, J. A. (2020). The power of digitalization: The Netflix story. Trends and Innovations in Information Systems and Technologies: Volume 3 8, 590–599.
Azis, I. (2021). Translation Technique Analysis of Dark Jokes in the Subtitle of Joker Movie 2019. Eduvest, 1(1), 21–29.
Beeby, A., Fernández, M., Fox, O., Albir, A., Kozlova, I., Kuznik, A., Neunzig, W., Rodríguez, P., Romero, L., & Wimmer, S. (2009). Results of the validation of the PACTE translation competence model: Acceptability and decision making. Across Languages and Cultures, 10(2), 207–230. https://doi.org/10.1556/Acr.10.2009.2.3
Beeby, A., Rodríguez, M. F., Fox, O., Albir, A. H., Neunzig, W., Orozco, M., Presas, M., Inés, P. R., & Romero, L. (2003). Building a translation competence model. Benjamins Translation Library, 45, 43–68.
Bogucki, L. (2022). Subtitling quality assessment from a relevance-Theoretic perspective. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics, 18(1), 113–129. https://doi.org/10.1515/lpp-2022-0005
Budiana, A. A., Sutopo, D., & Rukmini, D. (2017). The use of translation techniques in subtitling the Dhaup Ageng documentary movie. English Education Journal, 7(1), 1–5.
Castro, D., Rigby, J. M., Cabral, D., & Nisi, V. (2021). The binge-watcher’s journey: Investigating motivations, contexts, and affective states surrounding Netflix viewing. Convergence, 27(1), 3–20.
Cintas, J. D., & Remael, A. (2014). Audiovisual translation: subtitling. Routledge.
Ebrahimzadeh Poustchi, M., & Amirian, Z. (2021). Strategies used in dubbing multilingual movies into Persian. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 42(6), 475–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2019.1702991
Emam, A. (2017). Domestication Techniques in Persian Translation of English Animations: Barnyard, Kung Fu Panda, and Hoodwinked. Language and Translation Studies (LTS), 49(4), 35–59.
Fadhilla, P. A. N., & Basari, A. (2022). Translation Techniques of Directive Speech Acts of The Characters Used in The Cruella Movie. UNCLLE (Undergraduate Conference on Language, Literature, and Culture), 2(01), 217–223.
Farisi, M. Z. Al. (2020). Theimpact of using foreignization and domestication on the translation accuracy of the Quranic metaphor (kinayah) verses. Humanities and Management Sciences - Scientific Journal of King Faisal University, 21(1), 319–332. https://doi.org/10.37575/h/rel/1966
Filanti, R. (2017). Image, word and echo: Voice-over narration in the postman always rings twice (1946). Palimpsestes, 30, 116–130. https://doi.org/10.4000/palimpsestes.2457
Fitria, T. N. (2015). Translation Technique of English to Indonesian Subtitle in Doraemon “Stand by Me” Movie. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3527873
Fitria, T. N. (2019). Translation Technique of English into Indonesian Subtitle in’Bhaijan Bajrangi’Movie. ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies on Humanities, 2(2).
Fitria, T. N. (2020). Translation Technique of English to Indonesian Subtitle in ‘Crazy Rich Asian’Movie. ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies on Humanities, 3(1).
Ghafarian, M., Kafipour, R., & Soori, A. (2016). Domestication and foreignisation strategies in restaurant menu translation. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 24(4), 1417–1429.
Golchinnezhad, M., & Afrouz, M. (2021). Towards a less subjective model of singability analysis investigating the persian translation of dubbed songs in animated movies. Kervan, 25(1), 197–222. https://doi.org/10.13135/1825-263X/5206
Gunawan, F. (2019). The Effect of Translation Technique to Its Quality at The Holy Book of Indonesian Moslem Society. Lisan: Jurnal Bahasa Dan Linguistik, 8(2), 101–109.
Gunawan, F., Nababan, M. R., Syukri, H., & Burdah, I. (2022). Revisiting interpretive translation method: A case study of Muhammad Thalib’s Quranic translation. Jordan Journal of Modern Languages and Literatures, 14(1), 111–127.
Hadida, A. L., Lampel, J., Walls, W. D., & Joshi, A. (2021). Hollywood studio filmmaking in the age of Netflix: a tale of two institutional logics. Journal of Cultural Economics, 45, 213–238.
Hartono, E., & Yuliasri, I. (2019). Techniques of Translating Adeleâ€TM s 25 Album into Indonesian and The Naturalness Quality. Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Culture Studies, 8(1), 86–93.
Hashish, R., & Hussein, R. F. (2022). Strategies Subtitlers Use in Rendering English Slang Expressions Into Arabic. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 12(4), 752–762. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1204.16
Huber, L., & Kairys, A. (2021). Culture Specific Items in Audiovisual Translation: Issues of Synchrony and Cultural Equivalence in the Lithuanian Dub of “Shrek the Third.” Studies about Languages, 1(38), 5–16. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.1.38.24743
Hurtado Albir, A., & Taylor, P. (2015). The Acquisition of Translation Competence. Competences, Tasks, and Assessment in Translator Training. Meta, 60(2), 256–280. https://doi.org/10.7202/1032857ar
Indriyany, F. N. (2019). Ideologi penerjemahan pada kata-kata berkonsep budaya dalam novel terjemahan The Kite Runner. Deskripsi Bahasa, 2(1), 23–31.
Istiqomah, L., Erawati, M., & Suparno, S. L. (2019). Discursive creation technique of English to Indonesian subtitle in Harry Potter: The chamber of secrets movie. Lingual: Journal of Language and Culture, 7(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.24843/LJLC.2019.v07.i01.p01
Kumar, J., Gupta, A., & Dixit, S. (2020). Netflix: SVoD entertainment of next gen. Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies, 10(3), 1–36.
Latif, M. A. (2018). Translation Techniques In and Accuracy of The Indonesian Subtitles Of The Movie Philomena. ELT Forum: Journal of English Language Teaching, 7(1), 1–14.
Lesmana, C., Nugroho, M. A. B., Rahmatunisa, W., & Arbain, A. (2022). Directive Speech Act Translation Analysis in “The Lion King” Movie. Borneo Educational Journal (Borju), 4(2), 58–69.
Masykur, D. A., Nababan, M. R., & Djatmika, D. (2019). The Translation Quality on Slurs in BlacKkKlansman Movie. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation, 2(6), 319–330.
Molina, L., & Albir, H. (2002). Translation techniques revisited: A dynamic and functionalist approach. Meta: Journal Des Traducteurs/Meta: Translators’ Journal, 47(4), 498–512.
Nababan, H., Nababan, M. R., & Santosa, R. (2019). Translation techniques and their impact on the readability of translated bible stories for children. Humanus: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Humaniora, 17(2), 212–222.
Nababan, M. R. (2008). Kompetensi penerjemahan dan dampaknya pada kualitas terjemahan.
Nababan, M., Santosa, R., Budiharjo, B., & Dzakiria, H. (2016). Eliciting genre-based translation model from Indonesian into English. Advanced Science Letters, 22(12), 4444–4447. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2016.8180
Nugrahani, K. A. (2021). An Analysis of the Translation Technique in Dialogues in the Movie Enola Holmes. Dharmas Education Journal (DE_Journal), 2(2), 349–356.
Nuraisiah, S., Nababan, M. R., & Santosa, R. (2018). Translating attitudes toward sexism in Gone Girl novel (An appraisal theory approach). Lingua Cultura, 12(3), 259–266.
Ojeda, J., Yaguache, J., & Ortiz-León, C. (2022). Approach to the Audiovisual Market of the NETFLIX Streaming Platform in Ecuador. Communication and Smart Technologies: Proceedings of ICOMTA 2021, 496–504.
Pahamzah, J., & Syariifah, A. (2019). Translation techniques of subtitling: A case for Trolls movie. Journal of English Language Teaching and Cultural Studies, 2(2), 86–95.
Poyungi, Y. H., Nababan, M., & Santosa, R. (2021). Translation Techniques of Modality Metaphor in Novel Anne of Green Gables. Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan, Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya, 11(1).
Rianti, R., Nugrahani, D., & Rahmawati, S. (2021). Translation Technique and Translation Ideology Analysis of Moana’s Utterances in Moana Movie Subtitle. PROCEEDING OF ENGLISH TEACHING, LITERATURE AND LINGUISTICS (ETERNAL) CONFERENCE, 1(1), 507–527.
Romdhati, A. T., Nababan, M., & Santosa, R. (2018). Translation Techniques and Their Impacts to the Modality Orientation’s Shift in The Jungle Book Movie Subtitle. Lingua Cultura, 12(4), 375. https://doi.org/10.21512/lc.v12i4.4397
Rukmini, D., & Saputri, L. A. D. E. (2017). The authentic assessment to measure students’ English productive skills based on 2013 Curriculum. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 7(2), 263–273. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v7i2.8128
Sakulpimolrat, S. (2019). The analysis of translation techniques and translation quality of directives speech act in the little prince novel. PRASASTI: Journal of Linguistics, 4(2), 166–179.
Samir, A. (2022). An Investigation of Dark Jokes Translation Strategies in Persian Subtitled Versions of Joker Movie. Language Research, 1(2), 71–78.
Simanjuntak, M. B., Barus, I. R. G., & Resmayasari, I. (2021). Analysis of Song" Tanganku Na Metmet" by Using Translation Techniques into English. UICELL Conference Proceeding, 195–202.
Syarif, H. E., M.R. Nababan, & Santosa, R. (2020). Translation Technique of Women Anger Speech Act in Television Series 13 Reasons Why Season 1. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation, 3(10), 164–173. https://doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2020.3.10.19
Syarif, H. E., Nababan, M. R., & Santosa, R. (2020). Translation Technique of Women Anger Speech Act in Television Series 13 Reasons Why Season 1. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation, 3(10), 164–173.
Tambunan, S. D. (2021a). The illocutionary acts and the translation techniques in Sherlock Holmes movie series. Journal of Language and Literature, 8(2), 182–195.
Tambunan, S. D. (2021b). The illocutionary acts and the translation techniques in Sherlock Holmes movie series. Journal of Language and Literature, 8(2), 182–195.
Tiasadi, K., Nababan, M. R., & Wiratno, T. (2022). Translation Quality of Pragmatic Function of Swearing in Heather Graham’s Novel Based on Gender. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 9(9), 85–92.
Yuliasri, I. (2016). Translation techniques and pragmatic equivalence in Indonesian translation of humorous utterences in the Walt Disney’s Donald duck comics. PRASASTI: CONFERENCE SERIES, 409–414.
Yuliasri, I., & Allen, P. (2019). Humour loss in the Indonesian translation of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 9(1), 119–127.
Zhang, Y., & Liu, J. (2009). Subtitle translation strategies as a reflection of technical limitations: a case study of Ang Lee’s films. Asian Social Science, 5(1), 113–118
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Published
2023-10-17
How to Cite
Arbain, A. (2023). Translation techniques used and its shift in Stranger Things movie. JEES (Journal of English Educators Society), 8(2). https://doi.org/10.21070/jees.v8i2.1758
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Articles
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
