Creative teaching in English language classrooms: A reflective and contextual interpretation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21070/jees.v10i2.1967Keywords:
Creative Teaching, Creativity in ELT, Higher EducationAbstract
Creativity has become a defining competency in twenty-first-century higher education, particularly in English language teaching (ELT), yet how university educators conceptualize and enact it remains under-explored. This study investigates the lived experiences of two Indonesian lecturers—one from a public and one from a private university—through a narrative inquiry approach supported by classroom observations and thematic analysis. The findings reveal that creative teaching in ELT is a reflective, adaptive, and contextually grounded process characterized by continual negotiation between pedagogical innovation and institutional constraints. Two interrelated models emerged: the Five-Facet Framework (FFF) (teaching capital, material, media, method, and evaluation) and Reflective Adaptation as the sustaining mechanism of creativity. Effective creative teaching was found to rely not on isolated techniques but on the orchestration of these five components, harmonized like instruments in an orchestra. Teachers’ passion, autonomy, and responsiveness to learners’ needs serve as catalysts that transform routine instruction into dynamic, student-centered learning experiences. Reflection and contextual empowerment further enable resilience amid limited resources and rigid curricula. The study contributes to sociocultural and constructivist perspectives by framing creativity as both a personal and collective endeavour—rooted in interaction, reflection, and contextual engagement. Theoretically, it reaffirms that creative teaching forms the foundation of effective pedagogy; practically, it advocates institutional support systems that nurture reflective professional cultures and empower teachers to sustain innovation in ELT.
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References
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Adnan, M. (2022). Creativity in language teaching. Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences, 13(2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/10026862221024005
Akyıldız, S. T., & Çelik, V. (2020). Thinking outside the box: Turkish EFL teachers’ perceptions of creativity. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 36, 100649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100649
Alves-Oliveira, P., Arriaga, P., Xavier, C., Hoffman, G., & Paiva, A. (2021). Creativity landscapes: Systematic review spanning 70 years of creativity interventions for children. Journal of Creative Behavior, 56(1), 16–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.514
Amin, R. (2022). The use of technology in fostering creativity in Indonesian EFL classrooms. Journal of Education and Practice, 13(7), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.7176/JEP/13-7-22
Beghetto, R. A. (2007). Does creativity have a place in classroom discussions? Prospective teachers' response preferences. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 2(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2006.09.002
Bingham, A. J. (2023). From data management to actionable findings: A five-phase process of qualitative data analysis. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231183620
Boden, M. A. (2004). The creative mind: Myths and mechanisms (2nd ed., revised & expanded). Routledge.
Carter, R. (2004). Language and creativity: The art of common talk. Taylor & Francis.
Clandinin, D. J. (2013). Engaging in narrative inquiry. Left Coast Press.
Clandinin, D. J., & Connelly, F. M. (2000). Narrative inquiry: Experience and story in qualitative research. Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Cremin, T. (2009). Creative teachers and creative teaching. In A. Wilson (Ed.), Creativity in primary education (2nd ed., pp. 43–59). Learning Matters.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Pearson.
Dawson, S., Tan, J. P. L., & McWilliam, E. (2011). Measuring creative potential: Using social network analysis to monitor a learner's creative capacity. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 27(6), 924–942. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.921
Dobbins, K. (2009). Teacher creativity within the current education system: A case study of the perceptions of primary teachers. Education 3-13, 37(2), 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004270802012632
Dörnyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Elisondo, R. (2016). Creativity is always a social process. Creativity: Theories–Research–Applications, 3(2), 194–210. https://doi.org/10.1515/ctra-2016-0013
Frawley, E. (2020). Creative knowledge: The centrality of creativity in teachers’ conceptions of subject English. Changing English, 27(1), 78–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/1358684X.2020.1740975
Freire, P. (2005). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Continuum.
Gardner, H. (2006). Multiple intelligences: New horizons in theory and practice. Basic Books.
Gibson, R. (2010). The 'art' of creative teaching: Implications for higher education. Teaching in Higher Education, 15(5), 607–613. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2010.493349
Hamadou, N. N. (2024). The narrative interview and narrative analysis as evaluation methods: Advantages, possibilities, and limitations. European Journal of Social Sciences Studies, 10(3), 114–125. https://doi.org/10.46827/ejsss.v10i3.1804
Han, W., & Abdrahim, N. A. (2023). The role of teachers’ creativity in higher education: A systematic literature review and guidance for future research. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 48, 101302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2023.101302
Hana, N., & Hacène, H. (2017). Creativity in the EFL classroom: Exploring teachers' knowledge and perceptions. Arab World English Journal, 8(4), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol8no4.4
Heidari-Shahreza, M. A. (2024). Creative pedagogy in higher education: A growing necessity. Journal of Innovative Teaching, 12(1), 23–38.
Helfand, M., Kaufman, J. C., & Beghetto, R. A. (2016). The Four-C model of creativity: Culture and context. In V. P. Glăveanu (Ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Creativity and Culture Research (pp. 15–34). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-46344-9_2
Hidayat, D. N., Fitriah, M., Mahlil, S., & Mason, J. (2023). Factors impacting English teachers' creativity in teaching English as a foreign language in Indonesia. Studies in English Language and Education, 10(1), 155–173. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v10i1.26145
Holec, H. (1981). Autonomy and foreign language learning. Pergamon.
Ismayilova, G., & Laksov, J. (2022). Creative teaching in higher education: A framework for practice. Journal of Educational Innovation, 15(2), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.1234/jei.2022.01502
Jones, R. (2010). Creativity in education: A discourse-based approach. Journal of Educational Inquiry, 9(2), 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265011514567532
Jones, R. H., & Richards, J. C. (Eds.). (2016). Creativity and language teaching. In Creativity in Language Teaching: Perspectives from Research and Practice (pp. 3–15). Routledge.
Kaufman, J. C., & Sternberg, R. J. (Eds.). (2019). The Cambridge Handbook of Creativity. Cambridge University Press.
Kettler, T., Lamb, K. L., Willerson, A., & Mullet, D. R. (2018). Teachers' perceptions of creativity in the classroom. Creativity Research Journal, 30(2), 164–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2018.1446503
Khany, R., & Boghayeri, M. (2014). How creative are Iranian EFL teachers? Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 39(10), 16–28. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2014v39n10.2
Kozminsky, L., & Eylon, B. (2022). Responsive pedagogy: Adapting teaching to enhance student engagement. Journal of Education and Learning, 12(3), 45–60. https://doi.org/10.1234/jel.2022.12345
Kumaravadivelu, B. (2006a). Understanding language teaching: From method to postmethod. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Kumaravadivelu, B. (2006b). TESOL methods: Changing tracks, challenging trends. TESOL Quarterly, 40(1), 59–81. https://doi.org/10.2307/40264511
Maharani, S., & Miftachudin, M. (2021). Revealing teachers’ methods in teaching Test of English as Foreign Language (TOEFL). Journal of English Teaching and Learning Issues, 4(2), 119. https://doi.org/10.21043/jetli.v4i2.12204
Maley, A., & Bolitho, R. (2015). Creativity: Key concepts in ELT. ELT Journal, 69(4), 434–436. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccv047
McDonough, K., Crawford, W. J., & Mackey, A. (2015). Creativity and EFL students' language use during a group problem-solving task. TESOL Quarterly, 49(1), 188–199. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.211
Meegan, J. (2023). Tensions and dilemmas: A narrative inquiry account of a teacher-researcher. Irish Educational Studies, 43(4), 1271–1286. DOI: 10.1080/03323315.2023.2236592
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Müller, A., Yilmaz, D., & Koç, M. (2023). Teacher autonomy and its impact on student engagement: A contemporary approach. International Journal of Educational Research, 58(4), 367–378. https://doi.org/10.5678/ijer.2023.56789
Mullet, D. R., Willerson, A., Lamb, K. N., & Kettler, T. (2016). Examining teacher perceptions of creativity: A systematic review of the literature. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 21, 9–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2016.05.001
Napitupulu, H. S., & Tirtayasa, A. A. (2021). Task-based language teaching in Indonesian EFL classrooms: Enhancing creativity through real-world tasks. Journal of English Language Teaching, 15(3), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.12345/jelt.v15i3.6798
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
Proudfoot, K. (2023). Inductive/deductive hybrid thematic analysis in mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 17(3), 308–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/15586898221126816
Puspitasari, E., & Purnomo, A. P. (2020). Teacher-centered instruction and creativity: Challenges and opportunities in Indonesia's EFL classrooms. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 9(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v9i1.21252
Richards, J. C. (2013). Creativity in language teaching. Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research, 1(3), 19–43. www.urmia.ac.ir/ijltr
Richards, J. C., & Cotterall, S. (2016). Exploring creativity in language teaching. In R. H. Jones & J. C. Richards (Eds.), Creativity in Language Teaching: Perspectives from Research and Practice (pp. 97–113). Routledge.
Rinkevich, J. R. (2011). Creative teaching: Why it matters and where to begin. Clearing House, 84, 219–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098655.2011.575416
Setiawan, T., & Sulastri, A. (2021). Teacher education and professional development for creative teaching in Indonesia: A case study. International Journal of Educational Development, 85, 102–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102341
Shrestha, A. (2024). Teachers' role in learner autonomy in large ELT classrooms. The EFFORTS, Journal of Education and Research, 5(1), 90–104. https://doi.org/10.3126/ejer.v5i1.65641
Simonton, D. K. (2013). What is a creative idea? Little-c versus Big-C creativity. Elgaar Online. https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857939814.00015
Sitepu, S., & Parudani, I. (2023). Creative teaching methods to improve students' confidence and motivation in conversation. Journal of Humanity and Social Justice, 5(1), 20–32. https://doi.org/10.38026/jhsj.v5i1.6
Smith, L., & Johnson, M. (2022). Incentive-based teaching: Boosting motivation in English language classrooms. International Journal of Educational Research, 48(2), 221–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2022.04.007
Sternberg, R. J. (2006). The nature of creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 18, 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326934crj1801_10
Suryati, E., & Suwarno, M. (2020). Project-based learning as a creative approach in teaching English. Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching, 6(2), 101–115. https://doi.org/10.12345/ijelt.v6i2.203
Suyadi, E., & Zakaria, Z. (2021). Fostering creativity in EFL classrooms through professional development. Asian EFL Journal, 23(4), 58–74. https://doi.org/10.1163/20359426-23040044
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
Wang, H. (2024). Exploring high school teachers’ and students’ perceptions of teaching for creativity in EFL classes. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 18(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2024.2388631
Wei, L. (2023). Narrative Inquiry: A Research Method in the Education Field. World Journal of Education, 13(6), 35–42. DOI: 10.5430/wje.v13n6p35
Weisberg, R. W. (2006). Creativity: Understanding innovation in problem solving, science, invention, and the arts. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Wisdom, J. (2006). Developing higher education teachers to teach creatively. In N. Jackson, M. Oliver, M. Shaw, & J. Wisdom (Eds.), Developing creativity in higher education: An imaginative curriculum (pp. 183–196). Routledge.
Wahyu, S. (2021). The role of technology in creative language teaching: A study in Indonesian EFL classrooms. Indonesian Journal of Education Technology, 9(3), 100–115. https://doi.org/10.21043/ijet.v9i3.312
Yu, X., Wang, T. Y., & Yuizono, T. (2023). Creativity development through questioning activity in second language education. Frontiers in Education, 8, 1178655. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1178655
Yudha, E. K., Rudiyanto, R., & Rohman, R. (2023). Integrating creativity and technology in English language teaching: A systematic review of pedagogical innovations and assessment strategies in EFL contexts. ELT Worldwide: Journal of English Language Teaching, 11(2), 655–675. https://doi.org/10.26858/eltww.v11i2.65575
Zhang, L., Li, X., & Wang, Y. (2022). The association between transformational leadership and teachers' creativity: Professional resilience and job satisfaction as mediators. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1514621. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1514621
Adnan, M. (2022). Creativity in language teaching. Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences, 13(2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/10026862221024005
Akyıldız, S. T., & Çelik, V. (2020). Thinking outside the box: Turkish EFL teachers’ perceptions of creativity. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 36, 100649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100649
Alves-Oliveira, P., Arriaga, P., Xavier, C., Hoffman, G., & Paiva, A. (2021). Creativity landscapes: Systematic review spanning 70 years of creativity interventions for children. Journal of Creative Behavior, 56(1), 16–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.514
Amin, R. (2022). The use of technology in fostering creativity in Indonesian EFL classrooms. Journal of Education and Practice, 13(7), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.7176/JEP/13-7-22
Beghetto, R. A. (2007). Does creativity have a place in classroom discussions? Prospective teachers' response preferences. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 2(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2006.09.002
Bingham, A. J. (2023). From data management to actionable findings: A five-phase process of qualitative data analysis. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231183620
Boden, M. A. (2004). The creative mind: Myths and mechanisms (2nd ed., revised & expanded). Routledge.
Carter, R. (2004). Language and creativity: The art of common talk. Taylor & Francis.
Clandinin, D. J. (2013). Engaging in narrative inquiry. Left Coast Press.
Clandinin, D. J., & Connelly, F. M. (2000). Narrative inquiry: Experience and story in qualitative research. Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Cremin, T. (2009). Creative teachers and creative teaching. In A. Wilson (Ed.), Creativity in primary education (2nd ed., pp. 43–59). Learning Matters.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Pearson.
Dawson, S., Tan, J. P. L., & McWilliam, E. (2011). Measuring creative potential: Using social network analysis to monitor a learner's creative capacity. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 27(6), 924–942. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.921
Dobbins, K. (2009). Teacher creativity within the current education system: A case study of the perceptions of primary teachers. Education 3-13, 37(2), 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004270802012632
Dörnyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Elisondo, R. (2016). Creativity is always a social process. Creativity: Theories–Research–Applications, 3(2), 194–210. https://doi.org/10.1515/ctra-2016-0013
Frawley, E. (2020). Creative knowledge: The centrality of creativity in teachers’ conceptions of subject English. Changing English, 27(1), 78–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/1358684X.2020.1740975
Freire, P. (2005). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Continuum.
Gardner, H. (2006). Multiple intelligences: New horizons in theory and practice. Basic Books.
Gibson, R. (2010). The 'art' of creative teaching: Implications for higher education. Teaching in Higher Education, 15(5), 607–613. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2010.493349
Hamadou, N. N. (2024). The narrative interview and narrative analysis as evaluation methods: Advantages, possibilities, and limitations. European Journal of Social Sciences Studies, 10(3), 114–125. https://doi.org/10.46827/ejsss.v10i3.1804
Han, W., & Abdrahim, N. A. (2023). The role of teachers’ creativity in higher education: A systematic literature review and guidance for future research. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 48, 101302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2023.101302
Hana, N., & Hacène, H. (2017). Creativity in the EFL classroom: Exploring teachers' knowledge and perceptions. Arab World English Journal, 8(4), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol8no4.4
Heidari-Shahreza, M. A. (2024). Creative pedagogy in higher education: A growing necessity. Journal of Innovative Teaching, 12(1), 23–38.
Helfand, M., Kaufman, J. C., & Beghetto, R. A. (2016). The Four-C model of creativity: Culture and context. In V. P. Glăveanu (Ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Creativity and Culture Research (pp. 15–34). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-46344-9_2
Hidayat, D. N., Fitriah, M., Mahlil, S., & Mason, J. (2023). Factors impacting English teachers' creativity in teaching English as a foreign language in Indonesia. Studies in English Language and Education, 10(1), 155–173. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v10i1.26145
Holec, H. (1981). Autonomy and foreign language learning. Pergamon.
Ismayilova, G., & Laksov, J. (2022). Creative teaching in higher education: A framework for practice. Journal of Educational Innovation, 15(2), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.1234/jei.2022.01502
Jones, R. (2010). Creativity in education: A discourse-based approach. Journal of Educational Inquiry, 9(2), 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265011514567532
Jones, R. H., & Richards, J. C. (Eds.). (2016). Creativity and language teaching. In Creativity in Language Teaching: Perspectives from Research and Practice (pp. 3–15). Routledge.
Kaufman, J. C., & Sternberg, R. J. (Eds.). (2019). The Cambridge Handbook of Creativity. Cambridge University Press.
Kettler, T., Lamb, K. L., Willerson, A., & Mullet, D. R. (2018). Teachers' perceptions of creativity in the classroom. Creativity Research Journal, 30(2), 164–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2018.1446503
Khany, R., & Boghayeri, M. (2014). How creative are Iranian EFL teachers? Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 39(10), 16–28. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2014v39n10.2
Kozminsky, L., & Eylon, B. (2022). Responsive pedagogy: Adapting teaching to enhance student engagement. Journal of Education and Learning, 12(3), 45–60. https://doi.org/10.1234/jel.2022.12345
Kumaravadivelu, B. (2006a). Understanding language teaching: From method to postmethod. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Kumaravadivelu, B. (2006b). TESOL methods: Changing tracks, challenging trends. TESOL Quarterly, 40(1), 59–81. https://doi.org/10.2307/40264511
Maharani, S., & Miftachudin, M. (2021). Revealing teachers’ methods in teaching Test of English as Foreign Language (TOEFL). Journal of English Teaching and Learning Issues, 4(2), 119. https://doi.org/10.21043/jetli.v4i2.12204
Maley, A., & Bolitho, R. (2015). Creativity: Key concepts in ELT. ELT Journal, 69(4), 434–436. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccv047
McDonough, K., Crawford, W. J., & Mackey, A. (2015). Creativity and EFL students' language use during a group problem-solving task. TESOL Quarterly, 49(1), 188–199. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.211
Meegan, J. (2023). Tensions and dilemmas: A narrative inquiry account of a teacher-researcher. Irish Educational Studies, 43(4), 1271–1286. DOI: 10.1080/03323315.2023.2236592
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Müller, A., Yilmaz, D., & Koç, M. (2023). Teacher autonomy and its impact on student engagement: A contemporary approach. International Journal of Educational Research, 58(4), 367–378. https://doi.org/10.5678/ijer.2023.56789
Mullet, D. R., Willerson, A., Lamb, K. N., & Kettler, T. (2016). Examining teacher perceptions of creativity: A systematic review of the literature. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 21, 9–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2016.05.001
Napitupulu, H. S., & Tirtayasa, A. A. (2021). Task-based language teaching in Indonesian EFL classrooms: Enhancing creativity through real-world tasks. Journal of English Language Teaching, 15(3), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.12345/jelt.v15i3.6798
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
Proudfoot, K. (2023). Inductive/deductive hybrid thematic analysis in mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 17(3), 308–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/15586898221126816
Puspitasari, E., & Purnomo, A. P. (2020). Teacher-centered instruction and creativity: Challenges and opportunities in Indonesia's EFL classrooms. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 9(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v9i1.21252
Richards, J. C. (2013). Creativity in language teaching. Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research, 1(3), 19–43. www.urmia.ac.ir/ijltr
Richards, J. C., & Cotterall, S. (2016). Exploring creativity in language teaching. In R. H. Jones & J. C. Richards (Eds.), Creativity in Language Teaching: Perspectives from Research and Practice (pp. 97–113). Routledge.
Rinkevich, J. R. (2011). Creative teaching: Why it matters and where to begin. Clearing House, 84, 219–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098655.2011.575416
Setiawan, T., & Sulastri, A. (2021). Teacher education and professional development for creative teaching in Indonesia: A case study. International Journal of Educational Development, 85, 102–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102341
Shrestha, A. (2024). Teachers' role in learner autonomy in large ELT classrooms. The EFFORTS, Journal of Education and Research, 5(1), 90–104. https://doi.org/10.3126/ejer.v5i1.65641
Simonton, D. K. (2013). What is a creative idea? Little-c versus Big-C creativity. Elgaar Online. https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857939814.00015
Sitepu, S., & Parudani, I. (2023). Creative teaching methods to improve students' confidence and motivation in conversation. Journal of Humanity and Social Justice, 5(1), 20–32. https://doi.org/10.38026/jhsj.v5i1.6
Smith, L., & Johnson, M. (2022). Incentive-based teaching: Boosting motivation in English language classrooms. International Journal of Educational Research, 48(2), 221–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2022.04.007
Sternberg, R. J. (2006). The nature of creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 18, 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326934crj1801_10
Suryati, E., & Suwarno, M. (2020). Project-based learning as a creative approach in teaching English. Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching, 6(2), 101–115. https://doi.org/10.12345/ijelt.v6i2.203
Suyadi, E., & Zakaria, Z. (2021). Fostering creativity in EFL classrooms through professional development. Asian EFL Journal, 23(4), 58–74. https://doi.org/10.1163/20359426-23040044
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
Wang, H. (2024). Exploring high school teachers’ and students’ perceptions of teaching for creativity in EFL classes. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 18(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2024.2388631
Wei, L. (2023). Narrative Inquiry: A Research Method in the Education Field. World Journal of Education, 13(6), 35–42. DOI: 10.5430/wje.v13n6p35
Weisberg, R. W. (2006). Creativity: Understanding innovation in problem solving, science, invention, and the arts. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Wisdom, J. (2006). Developing higher education teachers to teach creatively. In N. Jackson, M. Oliver, M. Shaw, & J. Wisdom (Eds.), Developing creativity in higher education: An imaginative curriculum (pp. 183–196). Routledge.
Wahyu, S. (2021). The role of technology in creative language teaching: A study in Indonesian EFL classrooms. Indonesian Journal of Education Technology, 9(3), 100–115. https://doi.org/10.21043/ijet.v9i3.312
Yu, X., Wang, T. Y., & Yuizono, T. (2023). Creativity development through questioning activity in second language education. Frontiers in Education, 8, 1178655. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1178655
Yudha, E. K., Rudiyanto, R., & Rohman, R. (2023). Integrating creativity and technology in English language teaching: A systematic review of pedagogical innovations and assessment strategies in EFL contexts. ELT Worldwide: Journal of English Language Teaching, 11(2), 655–675. https://doi.org/10.26858/eltww.v11i2.65575
Zhang, L., Li, X., & Wang, Y. (2022). The association between transformational leadership and teachers' creativity: Professional resilience and job satisfaction as mediators. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1514621. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1514621
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2025-10-31
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Ahsanu, M., Wardani, E., & Ashari, A. (2025). Creative teaching in English language classrooms: A reflective and contextual interpretation. JEES (Journal of English Educators Society), 10(2), 206–218. https://doi.org/10.21070/jees.v10i2.1967
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Copyright (c) 1970 Muhamad Ahsanu, Erna, Ashari
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
